In order to build a high-quality energy management talent team in the oil and chemical industry as soon as possible, the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan for the National Economy and Social Development†(“Eleventh Five-Year Planâ€) proposed energy-saving goals Achieve and implement the basic national policy of resource conservation in the full implementation of the petroleum and chemical industry, based on the “Energy Conservation Law of the People's Republic of Chinaâ€, “Decision of the State Council on Strengthening Energy Conservation Work†and “China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association, China Chemical Industry Energy Conservation Technology Association. The opinion of the oil and chemical industry on advancing energy conservation work has confirmed the trial of the energy manager system in the petroleum and chemical industries. The implementation opinions are as follows.
I. Building a high-quality energy management team in the petroleum and chemical industries is a very urgent strategic task. China has a large population, relatively low energy resources, and the per capita possession is far below the world average. With the further expansion of the economic scale, the contradiction between energy supply and demand is becoming more and more prominent, and will become a prominent bottleneck for economic and social development within a relatively long period of time now and in the future. In response to the severe challenges faced by energy demand, the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†puts forward a binding indicator on the reduction of energy consumption per unit of GDP during the “11th Five-Year Plan†period of 20%, in accordance with the requirements of building a resource-saving society. The petroleum and chemical industries are the pillar industries of the national economy. While providing important energy and raw materials for economic construction and people’s lives, the energy consumption of petroleum and chemical products also occupies a considerable proportion. In the “Eleventh Five-Year†ten key energy-saving projects and key energy-consuming industries, the petroleum and chemical industries account for a large proportion. To implement the basic national policy of resource conservation and achieve sustainable development, the petroleum and chemical industries have major responsibilities and arduous tasks.
The comprehensive implementation of various energy conservation policies and measures and the completion of the “Eleventh Five-Year†industry energy-saving tasks require a large number of qualified energy management personnel. To this end, the training of energy managers in the whole industry is carried out, and it is used as qualification qualifications for energy management personnel in oil and chemical companies. Based on the needs of the industry's energy saving target tasks and the building of professional and technical personnel, from 2006 to 2010, a group of energy managers trained in understanding energy policies, mastering energy conservation management knowledge, familiarizing with production processes, and proficient in energy saving technologies were trained throughout the industry. Through the implementation of the energy management division system, the company establishes the awareness of scientific energy use and sustainable development, improves the construction of energy conservation management institutions, promotes product structure adjustment, promotes advanced energy-saving technologies and processes, enhances energy management capabilities and levels of enterprises, and fully implements national energy policies. With regard to energy conservation laws and regulations, to ensure the realization of the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†energy-saving goals, and to promote the energy consumption targets of major products in key industries to reach or close to the international advanced level at the beginning of this century.
II. Main contents of the energy manager system in the petroleum and chemical industry The energy manager is a leader and professional manager who is engaged in the energy management of petroleum and chemical companies. The company is responsible for the plant leadership and management department of energy management and the production unit (factory Or the workshop) responsible for the work of energy conservation and energy management, or a full-time engineer. It is an important part of the scientific and technological management talents in petroleum and chemical companies. Energy managers should have a good professional knowledge, have the appropriate oil and chemical expertise, master modern business management methods, proficient in petroleum and chemical energy management.
(1) The establishment of energy and chemical managers of petroleum and chemical companies In order to fully ensure the smooth development of energy conservation in enterprises and implement energy conservation goals and tasks, in accordance with the energy consumption level of enterprises, the leaders and scientific and technical personnel responsible for energy conservation and energy management of enterprises shall participate in the following positions: Training, evaluation and qualifications.
The plant level shall be equipped with 2 energy management divisions; the production units (branches or workshops) that consume more than 10,000 tons of standard coal per year shall be equipped with 1 to 2 energy management divisions; and the annual energy consumption of 5,000 to 10,000 tons of standard coal production units ( The branch or workshop should be equipped with an energy manager; independent accounting SMEs should have at least one energy manager.
(II) Responsibility of the energy manager of the petroleum and chemical industry 1. Assist and urge the person in charge of the unit to organize the implementation of the country's energy laws, guidelines, policies, and technical standards;
2. Responsible for the formulation and implementation supervision of the energy management system, energy saving plan, energy saving technological progress measures, energy consumption quotas, energy saving incentives and penalties of the unit;
3. Responsible for the evaluation of the rational energy use of the newly added energy projects of the unit, and participate in the review of the additional energy consumption equipment of the unit;
4. Organize energy consumption analysis and energy-saving tests to assist energy-saving management departments in completing energy-saving monitoring, and supervise relevant departments to carry out rectification on the problems found;
5. Carry out energy conservation publicity, organize energy conservation training, exchange information on energy conservation, and actively apply new energy saving technologies, new processes, new equipment, and new materials;
6. Organize and prepare reports on energy use, and report regularly according to the regulations of the energy management department.
7. Participate in the formulation of energy management consulting and energy saving programs in the industry organized by the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association (China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association Resource Saving Promotion Committee).
(III) Terms of Service for Energy Managers in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry 1. Basic requirements. It has the basic knowledge of professional responsibility and enterprising spirit, good professional ethics, petroleum and chemical production technology, safety management, laws and regulations, and strong basic ability of comprehensive analysis, organization and coordination, and written expression.
2. Career requirements. Through the training and qualification evaluation of energy management divisions in the petroleum and chemical industries, he has knowledge in energy management, energy management capabilities, energy management technologies, and innovation capabilities and has practical experience in energy conservation.
3, reporting requirements. He holds a college degree or above and a middle-level or higher professional technical title, and has worked in petroleum and chemical industry for more than 5 years.
III. Training and Qualification of Energy Managers in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Energy managers shall conduct centralized professional training in accordance with the unified syllabus and teaching materials for training of energy management professionals in the petroleum and chemical industries, and master the knowledge and capabilities that they should have in performing their duties. Eligibility criteria A unified test is conducted to evaluate the qualifications required for the performance of duties and to obtain qualifications for appointment.
(1) Training assessment The training and evaluation of energy management division qualifications in the petroleum and chemical industry are conducted in three stages: the unit recommendation or the application, centralized training, and examination evaluation.
1, the declaration stage. Qualified personnel should fill out the “Registration Form for Declaration of Eligibility of Energy Administration Managers in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry†(referred to as “Registration Formâ€) and submit an application to the human resources management department of this unit. The human resources management department passed the preliminary examination and submitted the application list and the “Registration Form†to the National Energy and Chemical Industry Energy Management Division Training Evaluation Office.
2, the training phase. The National Energy and Chemical Industry Energy Manager Training and Evaluation Office organizes centralized training and conducts training according to unified training syllabus and teaching materials. The training period is 5 days (40 credit hours).
3, evaluation stage. The National Petroleum and Chemical Industry Energy Management Division Training and Evaluation Office organizes professionals to conduct uniform examinations and evaluations for participating trainees. Qualified individuals are awarded the “Energy Management Professional Qualification Certificate for Petroleum and Chemical Industry†(“Qualification Certificateâ€) and certification cards. Announced to the public.
The qualification assessment training for energy management professionals in the petroleum and chemical industries is conducted four times a year, and in principle, one period per quarter.
Appropriately charged fees for training assessments are mainly used for expenses such as training fees, teaching materials fees, test assessment fees, certificate card fees, labor costs, and management fees.
(II) Qualification certificates and license plates “Qualification Certificates†and certification cards are the basis for the appointment of energy managers. They are jointly issued by the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association and the China Chemical Industry Energy Conservation Technology Association, and are evaluated by the national energy and chemical industry energy managers. Office unified production and centralized management.
(III) Continuing education In order to adapt to the development of energy management and energy-saving technologies, energy managers who have obtained a “certificate†will participate in the continuing education of energy managers at least once every three years. For four consecutive years without continuing education, the "qualification certificate" automatically expires and is announced to the public.
4. The organization of the energy management division of the petroleum and chemical industry shall lead the work of the industry energy management division. Under the leadership of the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association, it shall implement unified planning, unified organization, unified standards, unified training, unified assessment, and certification. The principle of separation.
China National Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association Resource Saving Promotion Committee is responsible for promotion, guidance, coordination and supervision. The China Chemical Industry Energy Technology Association is responsible for providing technical support, organizing standard formulation and examination evaluation, and participating in training organization work.
The National Petroleum and Chemical Industry Energy Management Division Qualification Expert Committee has set up three professional working groups for standards, training, and evaluation. Responsible for the standard system construction, training outline, training materials, teacher team construction and evaluation system construction of qualification evaluation work.
The National Petroleum and Chemical Industry Energy Manager Training and Evaluation Office is responsible for the daily organization and management of the entire industry's energy management division training and evaluation. The office is located in the Personnel Department of the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association.
V. Arrangement of Pilot Work for the Energy Manager System in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Pilot work for the industry energy manager system, under the unified leadership of the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association, China National Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association Resource Saving Promotion Committee, China Chemical Industry Energy Conservation Technical associations, professional associations in key energy-consuming industries, and large-scale enterprise groups jointly launched. In the early stage, trials were carried out for oil and chemical companies (340 companies) in the national key energy-consuming “thousand enterprisesâ€, and they were implemented in the key energy-using units (energy consumption of 10,000 tons of standard coal/year, 2,000 or so) in the industry. Gradually promote to the whole industry.
I. Building a high-quality energy management team in the petroleum and chemical industries is a very urgent strategic task. China has a large population, relatively low energy resources, and the per capita possession is far below the world average. With the further expansion of the economic scale, the contradiction between energy supply and demand is becoming more and more prominent, and will become a prominent bottleneck for economic and social development within a relatively long period of time now and in the future. In response to the severe challenges faced by energy demand, the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†puts forward a binding indicator on the reduction of energy consumption per unit of GDP during the “11th Five-Year Plan†period of 20%, in accordance with the requirements of building a resource-saving society. The petroleum and chemical industries are the pillar industries of the national economy. While providing important energy and raw materials for economic construction and people’s lives, the energy consumption of petroleum and chemical products also occupies a considerable proportion. In the “Eleventh Five-Year†ten key energy-saving projects and key energy-consuming industries, the petroleum and chemical industries account for a large proportion. To implement the basic national policy of resource conservation and achieve sustainable development, the petroleum and chemical industries have major responsibilities and arduous tasks.
The comprehensive implementation of various energy conservation policies and measures and the completion of the “Eleventh Five-Year†industry energy-saving tasks require a large number of qualified energy management personnel. To this end, the training of energy managers in the whole industry is carried out, and it is used as qualification qualifications for energy management personnel in oil and chemical companies. Based on the needs of the industry's energy saving target tasks and the building of professional and technical personnel, from 2006 to 2010, a group of energy managers trained in understanding energy policies, mastering energy conservation management knowledge, familiarizing with production processes, and proficient in energy saving technologies were trained throughout the industry. Through the implementation of the energy management division system, the company establishes the awareness of scientific energy use and sustainable development, improves the construction of energy conservation management institutions, promotes product structure adjustment, promotes advanced energy-saving technologies and processes, enhances energy management capabilities and levels of enterprises, and fully implements national energy policies. With regard to energy conservation laws and regulations, to ensure the realization of the “Eleventh Five-Year Plan†energy-saving goals, and to promote the energy consumption targets of major products in key industries to reach or close to the international advanced level at the beginning of this century.
II. Main contents of the energy manager system in the petroleum and chemical industry The energy manager is a leader and professional manager who is engaged in the energy management of petroleum and chemical companies. The company is responsible for the plant leadership and management department of energy management and the production unit (factory Or the workshop) responsible for the work of energy conservation and energy management, or a full-time engineer. It is an important part of the scientific and technological management talents in petroleum and chemical companies. Energy managers should have a good professional knowledge, have the appropriate oil and chemical expertise, master modern business management methods, proficient in petroleum and chemical energy management.
(1) The establishment of energy and chemical managers of petroleum and chemical companies In order to fully ensure the smooth development of energy conservation in enterprises and implement energy conservation goals and tasks, in accordance with the energy consumption level of enterprises, the leaders and scientific and technical personnel responsible for energy conservation and energy management of enterprises shall participate in the following positions: Training, evaluation and qualifications.
The plant level shall be equipped with 2 energy management divisions; the production units (branches or workshops) that consume more than 10,000 tons of standard coal per year shall be equipped with 1 to 2 energy management divisions; and the annual energy consumption of 5,000 to 10,000 tons of standard coal production units ( The branch or workshop should be equipped with an energy manager; independent accounting SMEs should have at least one energy manager.
(II) Responsibility of the energy manager of the petroleum and chemical industry 1. Assist and urge the person in charge of the unit to organize the implementation of the country's energy laws, guidelines, policies, and technical standards;
2. Responsible for the formulation and implementation supervision of the energy management system, energy saving plan, energy saving technological progress measures, energy consumption quotas, energy saving incentives and penalties of the unit;
3. Responsible for the evaluation of the rational energy use of the newly added energy projects of the unit, and participate in the review of the additional energy consumption equipment of the unit;
4. Organize energy consumption analysis and energy-saving tests to assist energy-saving management departments in completing energy-saving monitoring, and supervise relevant departments to carry out rectification on the problems found;
5. Carry out energy conservation publicity, organize energy conservation training, exchange information on energy conservation, and actively apply new energy saving technologies, new processes, new equipment, and new materials;
6. Organize and prepare reports on energy use, and report regularly according to the regulations of the energy management department.
7. Participate in the formulation of energy management consulting and energy saving programs in the industry organized by the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association (China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association Resource Saving Promotion Committee).
(III) Terms of Service for Energy Managers in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry 1. Basic requirements. It has the basic knowledge of professional responsibility and enterprising spirit, good professional ethics, petroleum and chemical production technology, safety management, laws and regulations, and strong basic ability of comprehensive analysis, organization and coordination, and written expression.
2. Career requirements. Through the training and qualification evaluation of energy management divisions in the petroleum and chemical industries, he has knowledge in energy management, energy management capabilities, energy management technologies, and innovation capabilities and has practical experience in energy conservation.
3, reporting requirements. He holds a college degree or above and a middle-level or higher professional technical title, and has worked in petroleum and chemical industry for more than 5 years.
III. Training and Qualification of Energy Managers in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Energy managers shall conduct centralized professional training in accordance with the unified syllabus and teaching materials for training of energy management professionals in the petroleum and chemical industries, and master the knowledge and capabilities that they should have in performing their duties. Eligibility criteria A unified test is conducted to evaluate the qualifications required for the performance of duties and to obtain qualifications for appointment.
(1) Training assessment The training and evaluation of energy management division qualifications in the petroleum and chemical industry are conducted in three stages: the unit recommendation or the application, centralized training, and examination evaluation.
1, the declaration stage. Qualified personnel should fill out the “Registration Form for Declaration of Eligibility of Energy Administration Managers in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry†(referred to as “Registration Formâ€) and submit an application to the human resources management department of this unit. The human resources management department passed the preliminary examination and submitted the application list and the “Registration Form†to the National Energy and Chemical Industry Energy Management Division Training Evaluation Office.
2, the training phase. The National Energy and Chemical Industry Energy Manager Training and Evaluation Office organizes centralized training and conducts training according to unified training syllabus and teaching materials. The training period is 5 days (40 credit hours).
3, evaluation stage. The National Petroleum and Chemical Industry Energy Management Division Training and Evaluation Office organizes professionals to conduct uniform examinations and evaluations for participating trainees. Qualified individuals are awarded the “Energy Management Professional Qualification Certificate for Petroleum and Chemical Industry†(“Qualification Certificateâ€) and certification cards. Announced to the public.
The qualification assessment training for energy management professionals in the petroleum and chemical industries is conducted four times a year, and in principle, one period per quarter.
Appropriately charged fees for training assessments are mainly used for expenses such as training fees, teaching materials fees, test assessment fees, certificate card fees, labor costs, and management fees.
(II) Qualification certificates and license plates “Qualification Certificates†and certification cards are the basis for the appointment of energy managers. They are jointly issued by the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association and the China Chemical Industry Energy Conservation Technology Association, and are evaluated by the national energy and chemical industry energy managers. Office unified production and centralized management.
(III) Continuing education In order to adapt to the development of energy management and energy-saving technologies, energy managers who have obtained a “certificate†will participate in the continuing education of energy managers at least once every three years. For four consecutive years without continuing education, the "qualification certificate" automatically expires and is announced to the public.
4. The organization of the energy management division of the petroleum and chemical industry shall lead the work of the industry energy management division. Under the leadership of the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association, it shall implement unified planning, unified organization, unified standards, unified training, unified assessment, and certification. The principle of separation.
China National Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association Resource Saving Promotion Committee is responsible for promotion, guidance, coordination and supervision. The China Chemical Industry Energy Technology Association is responsible for providing technical support, organizing standard formulation and examination evaluation, and participating in training organization work.
The National Petroleum and Chemical Industry Energy Management Division Qualification Expert Committee has set up three professional working groups for standards, training, and evaluation. Responsible for the standard system construction, training outline, training materials, teacher team construction and evaluation system construction of qualification evaluation work.
The National Petroleum and Chemical Industry Energy Manager Training and Evaluation Office is responsible for the daily organization and management of the entire industry's energy management division training and evaluation. The office is located in the Personnel Department of the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association.
V. Arrangement of Pilot Work for the Energy Manager System in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Pilot work for the industry energy manager system, under the unified leadership of the China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association, China National Petroleum and Chemical Industry Association Resource Saving Promotion Committee, China Chemical Industry Energy Conservation Technical associations, professional associations in key energy-consuming industries, and large-scale enterprise groups jointly launched. In the early stage, trials were carried out for oil and chemical companies (340 companies) in the national key energy-consuming “thousand enterprisesâ€, and they were implemented in the key energy-using units (energy consumption of 10,000 tons of standard coal/year, 2,000 or so) in the industry. Gradually promote to the whole industry.
Asbestos was added as an common ingredient to Brake Pads post-WWI, as car speeds began to increase, because research showed that its properties allowed it to absorb the heat (which can reach 500 °F) while still providing the friction necessary to stop a vehicle. However, as the serious health-related hazards of asbestos eventually started to become apparent, other materials had to be found. Asbestos brake pads have largely been replaced by non-asbestos organic (NAO) materials in first world countries. Today, brake pad materials are classified into one of four principal categories, as follows:
Non-metallic materials - these are made from a combination of various synthetic substances bonded into a composite, principally in the form of cellulose, aramid, PAN, and sintered glass. They are gentle on rotors, but produce a fair amount of dust, thus having a short service life.
Semi-metallic materials - synthetics mixed with varying proportions of flaked metals. These are harder than non-metallic pads, more fade-resistant and longer lasting, but at the cost of increased wear to the rotor/drum which then must be replaced sooner. They also require more actuating force than non-metallic pads in order to generate braking torque.
Fully metallic materials - these pads are used only in racing vehicles, and are composed of sintered steel without any synthetic additives. They are very long-lasting, but require more force to slow a vehicle while wearing off the rotors faster. They also tend to be very loud.
Ceramic materials - Composed of clay and porcelain bonded to copper flakes and filaments, these are a good compromise between the durability of the metal pads, grip and fade resistance of the synthetic variety. Their principal drawback, however, is that unlike the previous three types, despite the presence of the copper (which has a high thermal conductivity), ceramic pads generally do not dissipate heat well, which can eventually cause the pads or other components of the braking system to warp.However, because the ceramic materials causes the braking sound to be elevated beyond that of human hearing, they are exceptionally quiet.
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