Since the 1980s, under the drive of high technology such as information technology, machining technology has entered a new stage of development of “high-speed, high-efficiency, intelligence, compound, and environmental protectionâ€, and high-speed (effective) cutting and near-net forming have emerged. , flexible processing, five-axis machining, multi-processing machine tools, network manufacturing, green manufacturing and other new manufacturing technologies and equipment, develop new products for the manufacturing industry, improve processing efficiency and processing quality, reduce manufacturing costs, shorten lead times, protect The ecological environment, reduction of energy and resource consumption have played an important role. Among the above-mentioned new processing technologies and equipment, the progress of new cutting technologies and cutting tools is particularly prominent. It has become one of the most important basic processes for today's advanced manufacturing technologies, and it is also a metal processing company that develops new products, new processes, and applies new materials. Establish key technologies indispensable to the innovation system.
With the development of modern cutting technology, tool application technology is playing an increasingly important role. Whether or not a tool can ultimately create benefits for users depends not only on the original design and careful production, but also on the correct use of processing conditions. At present, it is through the provision of tool application technology to the user that the tool manufacturer meets the need of the user to increase the processing efficiency, reduce the manufacturing cost and improve the processing quality, or the need to develop new products and apply new materials, and realize the innovation of the user. service. Therefore, tool application technology has become one of the core technologies of tool makers and has received increasing attention. For tool user companies, improving the use of tool technology not only can play the company's existing cutting processing potential, improve processing efficiency, but also lay the foundation for the development of new products and new processes in the future.
Metal cutting machining is a multi-factor complex process, and the application technology of cutting tools contains a wide range of content. In this lecture, through the analysis of the cutting process, the main factors contributing to and affecting the cutting process are grasped and discussed as the basis for the commonness of the tool application technology. It is hoped that this will help the correct use of the tool.
Figure 1 is a simplified diagram of turning and related terms. The cutting process occurs in the cutting zone where the tool interacts with the workpiece. After the workpiece material passes through the cutting zone, it turns into chips and is discharged along the rake face. The enlarged view of the cutting area gives details of the interaction between the tool and the workpiece. During cutting, the material layer on the workpiece that needs to be removed enters the deformation zone. Under the action of the tool rake face, deformation and lattice slippage occur, and shear is generated along the imaginary slip plane OA to become chip discharge. . When discharging, the fresh metal surface on the underside of the cuttings and the rake face produce intense friction in the OB section, forming a rake face friction area. The machined surface that has slipped past the tip of the tool has friction with the flank surface in the OC section due to the springback of the material, creating a flank friction area. The tool then works in conjunction with the forces and heat of the deformation zone and the friction zone.
It can be seen from the above that the tool and the workpiece material are the main body of the cutting process. However, the corresponding support technology is needed to achieve the entire process of cutting. As a metal processing technology, the metal cutting process can be described by the technical system shown in FIG. 2 . The system consists of three parts: the cutting process system, the cutting mechanism, and the machining effects, which are divided by dotted lines in the figure and are described as follows:
The first part is a cutting technology process system consisting of a machine tool, a tool, and a machined workpiece. Machine tools and knives are indispensable for cutting machining. Depending on the movement and power provided by the machine tool, the excess metal on the workpiece is removed from the workpiece by means of a cutting tool in the form of swarf, and the workpiece is produced as required. Cutting process. In order to further understand the cutting process, it is necessary to refine the technical content of the tools, machine tools and workpieces.
The tool is one of the main parts of the cutting process. The tool involved in the cutting process contains three main technical connotations, namely tool material and coating, geometric angle, and tool structure. The tool must be made of a special tool material, with a definite geometry and a suitable structure. The three together give the tool the cutting function and at the same time determine the cutting performance of the tool. Therefore, the content and role of these three factors are important aspects of cutting technology.
Cutting technology related to machine tools includes cutting parameters, process categories, and cutting conditions. The machine tool provides a technological platform for the tool to perform various cutting operations, including the power required for cutting the tool, the relative movement of the tool and the workpiece, the conditions for providing cooling lubrication, and reliable clamping of the tool and the workpiece. The speed of the relative movement of the tool and the workpiece, the cutting speed of the main movement and the feed speed of the auxiliary movement are the two main cutting parameters in the cutting process. Machining requires the machine to have sufficient power and system rigidity, high speed and degree of automation, as well as the accuracy of movement and positioning. Therefore, the performance of the machine tool plays a very important role in the effect of the cutting process, and is closely related to the level of the cutting process. Understanding and mastering the performance of the machine tool and using and operating the machine tool correctly are prerequisites for the specific machining. Both machine tools and knives promote each other to jointly advance the progress and development of cutting technology.
The workpiece is the object of cutting, and it is also one of the main body of cutting technology. The workpiece dimensional accuracy, surface quality requirements, workpiece material and structure all affect the cutting process. The setting of the cutting parameters and the design of the tool geometry must be adapted to the specific workpiece characteristics. In particular, the workability of the workpiece material has a significant influence on the cutting process and has become an important technical content for cutting. At present, the engineering materials that need to be machined have gone beyond the scope of metal materials. Non-metal materials and new types of artificial synthetic materials are increasingly used as engineering materials to become a new area of ​​cutting processing.
The second part of the cutting technology system is the mechanism part of the metal removal process, including the cutting deformation process and the two important physical phenomena that accompany it: cutting force and cutting heat. The cutting forces and cutting heat from the cutting deformation zone convey information inside the cutting process and have a great influence on the cutting process. The force required to squeeze the tool, cut off the metal and the friction between the tool and the workpiece and the chip constitute the force of the cutting system. The drive system of the machine must overcome these forces and provide sufficient power. Cutting force causes the machine tool, tool and workpiece to deform, affecting the precision of machining; the cutting force and friction force acting on the tool cause wear and damage of the tool. In the relative motion of the tool and the workpiece, the heat generated by the work of the cutting force also causes the deformation of the process system and exacerbates the wear and damage of the tool.
Reducing the cutting force and cutting heat, lowering the cutting temperature to slow the wear of the tool and preventing the damage of the tool become an important basis for setting the cutting parameters and selecting the tool. Because tool wear and failure are the direct consequence of cutting forces and cutting heat, the size, speed, topography, and failure characteristics of the tool are all related to cutting forces and cutting heat. Therefore, it is an important basis for analyzing and understanding the cutting process. The key to application technology. FIG. 3 is a typical wear diagram of a turning tool, showing the wear appearance of various parts around the tool tip and also representative of other tools. Fig. 4 shows the various wear and damage appearances and causes of the turning tool under the action of force and heat. Effective measures to reduce wear or prevent breakage are the main thread throughout the tool application technology.
Current high-speed steel tools account for about 35% of the world's total tool sales. The world's tool consumption market is calculated according to the sales of products. General machinery and automobile manufacturing account for about 35% each, and aerospace accounts for about 10%, among which are high-speed steel cutters.
Current high-speed steel tools account for about 35% of the world's total tool sales. The world's tool consumption market is calculated according to the sales of products. General machinery and automobile manufacturing account for about 35% each, and aerospace accounts for about 10%, among which are high-speed steel cutters.
Focus on high-speed steel cutters
Mr. Shen Hong, the Honorary Chairman of the China Association of Blades, once said: “The tools are small and powerful.†In fact, cutting tools are also the most dynamic factor in machining. As a manufacturing powerhouse, China’s machine tool consumption is already the first in the world. Manufacturing companies increase their investment in cutting tools and increase production efficiency to obtain greater benefits, which drives the rapid increase in the purchase of cutting tools. At present, the annual sales of foreign cutting tools in China has reached 500 million U.S. dollars, of which Sandvik Coromant has annual sales of 1 billion yuan, and the average growth rate in the last ten years has reached 23%. In the first three quarters of 2007, the domestic 650 tool companies' tool sales reached 11.8 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 27.1%. Huge market prospects have triggered investment in the tool industry. China's Zhuzhou Diamonds and Xiamen Jinlu's indexable cutting tool projects, Jiangsu Tiangong introduced tapping production lines, grinding drill production line projects, foreign investment such as the Kennametal Tianjin plant The Dalian plant of Iska and the equity participation of Sandvik in Xiamen Jinlu include both hard alloy and high speed steel cutting tools. The above shows that high speed steel cutters occupy an irreplaceable place in modern manufacturing. We must pay attention to the high speed. Steel cutting tools, vigorously develop high-speed steel cutting tools.
High-speed steel materials and high-speed steel cutting tool technology have made great progress in recent years, mainly in: First, high-performance high-speed steel such as M42, M35 and China-specific aluminum high-speed steel (commonly known as 501 or M2Al) heat treatment hardness can reach HRC69 ~ 70, powder metallurgy high-speed steel coating hob cutting steel gear speed has reached 150 ~ 180m/min or higher, powder metallurgy high-speed steel cone in the processing of gray cast iron thread cutting speed of 65m/min; second, and hard Compared with the alloy, high-speed steel has high strength and toughness, and is the first choice for manufacturing complex tools and drilling tools. According to statistics, 33% of milling cutters, 95% of taps, 51% of twist drills, 81% of the world The gear cutters, 86% broaches and 95% of saw blades are made of high-speed steel. Among them, 70% of gear cutters, 50% of broaches, 20% of end mills and 10% of taps are made of powdered high-speed steel. Third, high-speed steel tools have sharp edges, light cutting, and the workpieces are not easily produced during cutting. Work hardening has advantages in the processing of stainless steels, nickel-base alloys, and titanium alloys. When we are cutting this type of difficult-to-machine material, we should not limit ourselves to the hard alloy circle, but we can also try high-speed steel cars and milling cutters with large rake angles and sharp cutting edges.
In Europe, there is an institution named High Speed ​​Steel Research Forum. Through research and development and training, it is dedicated to the development and application of high-speed steel technology. Take a moment to browse through its pages () and there will be some gains.
Current high-speed steel tools account for about 35% of the world's total tool sales. The world's tool consumption market is calculated according to the sales of products. General machinery and automobile manufacturing account for about 35% each, and aerospace accounts for about 10%, among which are high-speed steel cutters. The bosses of U.S. friends and foreign trade companies who worked at Boeing Company sent me this message: A large number of high-speed steel twist drills are used in aircraft manufacturing. If some kind of twist drill can drill 7 to 8 spring steel plates of trucks. Holes may be accepted by Boeing.
China is now the largest producer of high-speed steel and high-speed steel cutting tools in the world, and the production and export volume of high-speed steel and high-speed steel cutting tools (mainly twist drills) are the first in the world. In 2006, Shanggong, Jiangsu Tiangong, Jiangsu Feida, Harbin, and Chenggao high-speed steel cutting tool twist drill products also won the honorary titles of Chinese famous brand products. They all scored in the European and US industrial cutting tool market, indicating China’s High-speed steel cutting tools have made great progress in both industry scale and product quality.
Economists expect that the rapid growth of the Chinese economy and the rapid development of the manufacturing industry will continue for at least 10 years. These provide the cutting tools industry with unprecedented opportunities and challenges. At present, high-speed steel tools account for about 75% of the total number of domestic tools, but powder metallurgy high-speed steel materials and some high-end high-speed steel tools are still heavily dependent on imports. We must vigorously develop high-speed steel cutting tools, including the development of new high-speed steel grades, especially powdered high-speed steel, to develop more and better high-speed steel cutting tools and strive to improve the application level. It is believed that through the joint efforts of all cutting workers, through all-round innovations in tool materials, tool structure, manufacturing process, and application technology, we will certainly be able to raise the level of development and application of Chinese high-speed steel cutting tools to a new level. The revitalization of China's cutting technology has made tangible contributions.
Metal Stamping is a process in which a metal stamping die or a series of metal stamping dies are used to form a metal sheet into a three-dimensional shape.
Metal stamping products are used in various industries, such as automobiles and household appliances.
Automobile stamping is an important part of metal stamping industry.
Metal stamping is a highly efficient way of forming sheet metal.
Metal stamping die installed in the press, press each stroke forming a workpiece.
The production of metal stamping is completed by metal stamping workers.
Metal stamping dies are produced by machine tools or die factories.
Some machine tool and die factories also produce stampings.
Metal Stamping
Metal Stamping,Metal Stamping Tools,Metal Stamping Blanks,Metal Stamping Machine
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